The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 147
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Jobs and Wozniak: © DB Apple/dpa/Corbis
Jobs screenshot: YouTube
Stallman: Sam Ogden
Torvalds: © Jim Sugar/Corbis
Brand and Brilliant: © Winni Wintermeyer
Von Meister: The Washington Post/Getty Images
Case: Courtesy of Steve Case
Berners-Lee: CERN
Andreessen: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis
Hall and Rheingold: Courtesy of Justin Hall
Bricklin and Williams: Don Bulens
Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons
Brin and Page: Associated Press
Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Vitruvian Man: © The Gallery Collection/Corbis
TIMELINE CREDITS (IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER)
Lovelace: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Hollerith: Library of Congress via Wikimedia Commons
Bush (first image): © Bettmann/Corbis
Vacuum tube: Ted Kinsman/Science Source
Turing: Wikimedia Commons/Original at the Archives Centre, King’s College, Cambridge
Shannon: Alfred Eisenstaedt/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109
Atanasoff: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University
Bletchley Park: Draco2008 via Wikimedia Commons
Zuse: Courtesy of Horst Zuse
Mauchly: Apic/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Atanasoff-Berry Computer: Special Collections Department/Iowa State University
Colossus: Bletchley Park Trust/SSPL via Getty Images
Harvard Mark I: Harvard University
Von Neumann: © Bettmann/Corbis
ENIAC: U.S. Army photo
Bush (second image): © Corbis
Transistor invention at Bell Labs: Lucent Technologies/Agence France-Presse/Newscom
Hopper: Defense Visual Information Center
UNIVAC: U.S. Census Bureau
Regency radio: © Mark Richards/CHM
Shockley: Emilio Segre Visual Archives / American Institute of Physics / Science Source
Fairchild Semiconductor: © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos
Sputnik: NASA
Kilby: Fritz Goro/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images
Licklider: MIT Museum
Baran: Courtesy of RAND Corp.
Spacewar: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
First mouse: SRI International
Kesey: © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
Moore: Intel Corporation
Brand: © Bill Young/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis
Taylor: Courtesy of Bob Taylor
Larry Roberts: Courtesy of Larry Roberts
Noyce, Moore, Grove: Intel Corporation
Whole Earth Catalog cover: Whole Earth Catalog
Engelbart: SRI International
ARPANET nodes: Courtesy of Raytheon BBN Technologies
4004: Intel Corporation
Tomlinson: Courtesy of Raytheon BBN Technologies
Bushnell: © Ed Kashi/VII/Corbis
Kay: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Community Memory: Courtesy of the Computer History Museum
Cerf and Kahn: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis
Popular Mechanics cover: DigiBarn Computer Museum
Gates and Allen: Bruce Burgess, courtesy of Lakeside School, Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Fredrica Rice
Apple I: Ed Uthman
Apple II: © Mark Richards/CHM
IBM PC: IBM/Science Source
Gates with Windows disc: © Deborah Feingold/Corbis
Stallman: Sam Ogden
Jobs with Macintosh: Diana Walker/Contour By Getty Images
WELL logo: Image courtesy of The WELL at www.well.com. The logo is a registered trademark of the Well Group Incorporated.
Torvalds: © Jim Sugar/Corbis
Berners-Lee: CERN
Andreessen: © Louie Psihoyos/Corbis
Case: Courtesy of Steve Case
Hall: Courtesy of Justin Hall
Kasparov: Associated Press
Brin and Page: Associated Press
Williams: Courtesy of Ev Williams
Wales: Terry Foote via Wikimedia Commons
IBM Watson: Ben Hider/Getty Images
INDEX
Abbate, Janet, 251
Aberdeen Proving Ground, 38, 72, 73, 97–98, 104, 105
Abound, 395
Acid Tests, 269
acoustic delay line, 101
“Action Office” console, 280
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, 6, 7–18, 446, 493
in affair with tutor, 13, 15
algorithms worked out by, 27–29
Analytical Engine business plan of, 30–32
Analytical Engine potential seen by, 24
Babbage requested to be tutor of, 16–17
Babbage’s first meeting with, 7–8
at Babbage’s salons, 15, 18
Bernoulli numbers computed by, 25, 27–29, 31, 45, 107
on “Combining Faculty,” 23
on connection between poetry and analysis, 7, 9, 17–18, 24, 33, 467, 486, 487
as doubtful about thinking machines, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478
on general purpose machines, 26–27, 33, 39, 46, 87, 276, 467
illnesses of, 16, 31, 32
marriage of, 15
“Notes” of, 24–30, 33, 93, 122, 480
opiates taken by, 17, 31, 32
programming explored by, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 107, 108, 478
on subroutines, 28, 93
temperament and mood swings of, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 31
tutored in math, 7, 13–14, 16–17
Ada (programming language), 33
Adafruit Industries, 303n
Adams, John, 481
Adams, Samuel, 481
Adams, Sherman, 228–29
Adcock, Willis, 173–74
advertising, 285, 301, 419, 420, 463
Age of Wonder, The (Holmes), 9
Aiken, Howard, 2, 69, 75, 81, 88, 89, 105, 119, 329, 480
Difference Engine of, 50–52, 86, 90
and operation of Mark I, 92–93
stubborness of, 94
Aiken Lab, 329, 334, 336
Air Force, U.S., 221, 238, 241, 247, 282, 305
Albert, Prince Consort, 23–24
Albrecht, Bob, 297, 304
Alcorn, Al, 211–13, 347
algebra, 14, 26
algorithms, 27–29
Allen, Paul, 312, 313, 314, 317, 330–31, 332, 347, 358–59, 367, 416
BASIC for Altair designed by, 332–36, 337
8008 language written by, 325–27
electronic grid work of, 327–28
Gates’s disputes with, 322–23, 328, 338–39, 352, 361
in Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27
PDP-10 work of, 320, 321
“All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” (Brautigan), 267–68, 475
ALOHAnet, 256
Alpert, Dick, 269
Altair, 264, 332, 350
Altair 8800, 309, 310–11, 313
BASIC program for, 332–36, 337, 340–43
exhibition of, 340–41
AltaVista, 227, 436, 459, 462, 463
American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 206
American Physical Society, 165
American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC), 186
America Online (AOL), 395, 399–400, 402, 419, 421, 422
Ames Research Center, 273
Ampex, 208, 211
analog, 56
digital vs., 36–40, 469, 472
Analytical Engine, 21, 22–23, 38, 39, 93, 107, 120, 126, 289, 474
Differences Engine vs., 25–26
Lovelace’s business plan for, 30–32
Lovelace’s views on potential of, 24
Menabrea’s notes on, 24–28
punch cards and, 35, 487
as reprogrammable, 90
Analytical Society, 19
“Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, The” (Brin and Page), 461–62
Anderson, Sean, 460
Andreessen, Marc, 404, 416–17, 421
Android, 381
A-O system, 117
Apollo Guide Computer, 182
Apollo program, 181–82, 257, 280
Apple, 193n, 264, 333n, 352–53, 362–69, 381, 398–99, 434, 483
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