The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 150

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Garcia, Jerry, 266

Gates, Bill, 4, 197, 274, 309, 311, 312, 313, 345, 347, 354, 357, 367, 370, 391, 399, 406, 416, 485

Allen’s disputes with, 322–23, 328, 338–39, 352, 361

background of, 313–18

BASIC for Altair designed by, 332–36, 337

BASIC learned by, 316–17

belief of, in future of personal computer, 329–30

copyright issues and, 341–43, 351, 378

8008 language written by, 325–27

electronic grid work of, 327–28

Evans’s death and, 324, 325

at Harvard, 328–32, 336

innovator personality of, 338–40

Jobs’s dispute with, 368–69

Lakeside Programming Group formed by, 318–27

operating system and, 358–60, 361–62

payroll program written by, 322–23, 338

PDP-10 work of, 319–21

programming’s importance seen by, 118

on reverse-engineering brain, 473

Gates, Mary, 361

Gatlinburg conference, 237, 238, 242

General Electric (GE), 116, 211

General Post Office, 242

general-purpose machines, 26–27, 33, 39, 40, 46, 87, 119, 326–27, 406, 467

Engelbert’s foreseeing of, 276

see also memex

General Relativity, 5, 43

geometry, 17

germanium, 135

Germany, codes of, 78, 79, 81

Gertner, Jon, 134, 138

Gibson, William, 384

Gingrich, Newt, 403

Ginsberg, Allen, 299

GNU, 372–73

GNU/Linux, 377, 378, 379, 441, 482, 483

Go, 210

Godel, Escher, Bach (Hofstadter), 471

Godel, Kurt, 43–44, 45, 46, 102, 120

gold, 177–78

Goldberg, Adele, 364

Goldstine, Adele, 73, 96–97, 118, 119

Goldstine, Herman, 69, 73–74, 96, 109, 110–11, 113, 118, 119

von Neumann’s first meeting with, 105–6

Google, 227, 259, 450, 460–65, 471–72, 482, 486

creation of, 458, 460, 462–64

lawsuits of, 112

page ranks of, 482

self-driving cars of, 456

Google Glass, 259–60

Gopher, 415

Gore, Al, 260, 400–403

Gore Act (1991), 402, 416, 423

government funding, 73–74, 482, 484

see also ARPANET

Graetz, Martin, 204, 205

Gran Trak 10, 348

graphic user interface, 363–64, 367–69

Grateful Dead, 266, 270, 389

“Great Conversation, The” (Cerf), 255

Greeks, 72

Greening of America, The (Reich), 267

Greig, Woronzow, 15

Grinnell College, 157, 159, 188

Grove, Andy, 170, 190–92, 193, 197, 481

management techniques of, 194, 195

hackers, 201, 202, 203–7, 254, 268, 299, 378, 504

Hackers (Levy), 202, 298

Hafner, Katie, 245, 260, 389

Haggerty, Pat, 149–51, 168, 173

idea for calculator of, 182–83

Hall, Justin, 404, 422–27, 429, 438, 446, 458

halting problem, 45

Hambrecht & Quist, 393, 396

harmonic synthesizer, 37

Hartree, Douglas, 119

Harvard University, 40, 50–52, 53, 104–5, 106, 222, 271, 328–29

Hayden, Stone & Co., 167, 188

Hayes Smartmodem, 387

Heart, Frank, 252

“Heath Robinson,” 79

Heinlein, Robert, 257, 299

Hells Angel, 270

Hennessy, John, 462

Herschel, John, 19

Hertzfeld, Andy, 368

Herzfeld, Charles, 232–33, 234, 249

Hewlett, William, 154, 156, 189, 464

Hewlett-Packard, 156, 189, 199, 344, 345, 348, 351, 450

High Performance Computing Act (1991), 402, 416

Higinbotham, William, 215

Hilbert, David, 43, 44, 45, 47, 78, 103

Hiltzik, Michael, 290

Hingham Institute Study Group, 205

hippies, 266–67, 268, 272, 305, 309

Hiroshima, 103n

His Majesty’s Government Code and Cypher School, 77

Hitler, Adolf, 78, 79

Hoddeson, Lillian, 310

Hodges, Andrew, 40–41

Hoefler, Don, 199

Hoerni, Jean, 162, 174–75, 176, 184

Hoff, Ted, 193, 196–99

Hofstadter, Douglas, 471

Holberton, Betty Snyder, see Snyder, Betty

Hollerith, Herman, 35–36, 478

Homebrew Computer Club, 304, 310–11, 340, 342, 344, 350, 351, 370, 407, 483–84

Home Terminal Club, 286

Honeywell, 82–83, 121, 330, 336

Hoover Dam, 181

Hopper, Grace, 2, 28, 86, 88–95, 104, 117, 323, 329

communication skills of, 88–89, 90

on ENIAC’s lack of programmability, 95

hired at Eckert-Mauchley, 117–18

subroutines perfected by, 93

Hopper, Vincent, 88

HotWired, 420

HotWired.com, 425–26

Hourihan, Meg, 429–30

House, David, 184

House of Lords, 9, 14

Huffington, Arianna, 427

Huffington Post, 427

Human Brain Project, 473

Human-Computer Interaction Group, 455

human-machine interaction, 4–5, 225–26, 227–28, 229, 231, 272–74, 276–78, 302, 363, 384, 401, 449–50, 455–56, 459, 464–65, 474–79

Hush-A-Phone case, 386–87

hydrogen bomb, 112–13, 238

HyperCard, 434

hypertext, 264, 410–13

limitation of, 456–57

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 411, 419, 426, 429

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 411

IAS Machine, 120

IBM, 53, 64, 82, 118, 121, 168, 197, 251, 304, 353–54, 356–63, 398–99, 470–71, 473, 475, 477, 478

dress code at, 215

founding of, 36

Gates’s deal with, 337

Jobs’s criticism of, 362–63

Mark I history of, 2, 91

Mark I of, 2, 51–52, 81, 89–90

IBM 704, 468

IBM 1401, 282–83

Idea Factory, The (Gertner), 134

Illich, Ivan, 302–3, 304

imitation game, 124–28

incompleteness theorem, 43–44, 45

indeterminacy, 43

individualism, 265

Industrial Revolution, 3, 7, 9, 18, 479

two grand concepts of, 32–33

Infocast, 392

Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), 229, 231, 233–34, 248, 286–87

Information Sciences, Inc. (ISI), 322–23, 324

Infoseek, 227

innovation, 260, 486–88

assembly lines in, 32–33

bureaucracies vs., 240–41

and corporate culture, 189, 217

patents and, 215

social atmosphere for, 2

stages of, 150

synergy and, 183

teamwork and, 1, 84, 85, 91–92, 108, 110, 246, 260, 479–86

Institute for Advanced Study, 73, 77, 102, 118

Institute of Radio Engineers, 174

integrated circuit, see microchips

Integrated Electronics Corp, see Intel

Intel, 170, 187–99, 265, 280, 350, 351, 482

culture of, 189–95, 235, 481, 484–85

employees empowered at, 193–95

initial investments in, 187–88, 213

microprocessor of, 196–99

Intel 8008 microprocessor, 325–26

Intel 8080 microprocessor, 305, 306, 308

Interface Message Processors (IMPs), 237, 251–52, 253, 255, 256

see also routers

Internatioal Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 449

Internet, 9, 72, 217–61, 383–403, 482

ARPANET as precursor to, 208; see also ARPANET

built by collaboration, 4–5

built to facilitate collaboration, 2–3

creation of, 257, 258–59

as decentralized, 250

legislation on, 400–403

nuclear weapons and, 247–51

personal computers and, 4

Internet Engineering Task Force, 260–61, 411, 414

Internet Protocol (IP), 259, 293

interstate highway program, 402

iOS, 381

Iowa State, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 65, 68, 81, 481

iPad 2, 486–87

iPhone, 381

Jacobi, Werner, 180

Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 21, 26

Jacquard loom, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35, 467

Jefferson, Geoffrey, 124, 128

Jefferson, Thomas, 481

Jenkins, Jim, 328

Jennings, Jean, 69, 86, 95–100, 107, 110, 117, 119

on limitations of computers, 115

and public display of ENIAC, 113–16

Jennings, Ken, 470

Jeopardy!, 470, 476

Jerry and David’s Guide to the Web, 447

Jobs, Steve, 4, 5, 94, 134, 139, 150, 151, 155, 193n, 211, 270, 274, 278, 346–47, 349, 364, 370, 388, 391, 398, 406, 414, 449, 464, 480, 483–84, 485, 486

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