The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter - Страница 153

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Raskin, Jef, 363

Raymond, Eric, 377, 380, 381, 438

Raytheon, 217, 252

RCA, 68, 151, 177, 181, 211

rebel entrepreneurs, 201

Regency TR-1, 151

Reich, Charles, 267

Reid, T. R, 172, 174

relays, 48, 49, 50, 54

on Z1, 53

Remington Rand, 82, 116, 121

Remote Procedure Cell, 411

“Report on an Electronic Diff. Analyzer” (Mauchly and Eckert), 74

Requests for Comments (RFC), 254–55, 257, 482

Resource One, 301

Rheingold, Howard, 280, 389–90, 404, 425, 427

Riordan, Michael, 310

Roberts, Ed, 305, 307, 309, 332–33, 334–35, 338, 340

background of, 305–6

Roberts, Larry, 216, 229–30, 233–34, 241–42, 393, 481, 482

ARPA funding raised by, 235–37

ARPA hiring of, 234

bids solicited for ARPANET minicomputers, 251–52

decentralized network favored by, 235

gambling by, 243–44

Kleinrock hired by, 246

on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247–48

personality of, 230

robot, 281

robots, navigating by, 472

Robot Wisdom, 427

Rock, Arthur, 167–68, 170, 184, 185, 192

Intel money raised by, 187–88, 213

venture capital and, 185–88

Rockefeller, John D., Jr, 186

Rockefeller, Laurence, 153, 186, 188

Rolling Stone, 269, 288, 308, 388

Rometty, Ginni, 470, 477, 478

Roosevelt, Franklin, 219

Rosen, Ben, 355–56

Rosenberg, Scott, 426

Rosenblatt, Frank, 469

“Rosencrantz and Ethernet” (Cerf), 259

Rosenfeld, Jeremy, 440

Rossetto, Louis, 420, 425–26

routers, 237, 250, 251–52, 253

Rubenstein, David, 362

Russell, Bertrand, 47

Russell, Steve, 203–6, 207, 320, 321, 473

St. Jude (Jude Milhon), 301, 302

Sams, Jack, 356–57

Samson, Peter, 200, 200, 206

Sanders, Bob, 207

San Francisco Chronicle, 271

Sanger, Larry, 438, 439–40, 441, 442–43

Sarofim, Fayez, 188

SATNET, 256

Say Everything (Rosenberg), 426

Scantlebury, Roger, 237, 238, 242

Schreyer, Helmut, 53, 54

“Science, the Endless Frontier” (Bush), 263n

Scientific American, 47

Scientific and Advanced Technology Act (1992), 402

Scientific Data System, 187

Scientific Memoirs, 25, 30, 32

Scientific Revolution, 3, 479

Scripting News, 429

search engines, 227, 423, 446–65

Searle, John, 127–28, 470–71

Sears, 398–99

Seattle Computer Products, 358

self-driving cars, 456

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 225, 226, 475, 486

semiconductivity theory, 153

semiconductor amplifier, 147–48

semiconductors, 135, 154–56

Sendall, Mike, 412

Sequoia Capital, 214n, 464

Seva Foundation, 388

Shannon, Claude, 34, 47–50, 54, 122–23, 133, 139, 243, 283

Shapin, Steven, 3

Shaw, Artie, 150

Shelley, Mary, 12, 29, 468

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 12

Shirky, Clay, 442, 444

Shockley, William, 130, 132, 134, 136, 180, 199

acoustic delay line developed by, 101

Bardeen and Brattain’s dispute with, 145–49, 152–53, 163

credit for transistor taken by, 145–49, 177

IQ of, 136–37

midlife crisis of, 153–54

Nobel Prize won by, 164, 165

poor leadership skills of, 152, 163–64, 165

racial views of, 137, 168

replacement for vacuum tube sought by, 137, 141–45

researchers recruited to company by, 157, 161, 162

semiconductor amplifier idea of, 147–48

solid-state studied by, 139–41

in World War II, 138

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162–64, 485

Shockley replaced at, 165–67, 168

Siemens, 180

Signals and Power Subcommittee, 202

silicon, 134, 135, 142, 154, 155, 174

Silverstein, Craig, 456

Simon, Leslie, 73–74

Simonyi, Charles, 367

singularity, 474

Siri, 472

Sketchpad, 283

“Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communications System” (Sutherland), 283

slide rules, 37, 55, 56

Smalltalk, 289

Smarter Than You Think (Thompson), 427

Smith, Adam, 20

Smith, E. E. “Doc,” 204, 205, 206

SNARC, 203

SNDMSG, 384

Snow, C. P., 487

Snow White, 129

Snyder, Betty, 86, 97–99, 117

ENIAC’s glitch fixed by, 114

and public display of ENIAC, 113–16

social networking, 4, 400

software, 313–81

open-source, 261, 370–81

Software Publishing Industry, 121n

Sokol, Dan, 341

solid circuit, 173–74

solid-state physics, 134, 135–36, 138–41

Solomon, Les, 306, 308–9

Somerville, Mary, 14–15, 32

sonic waves, 95

Source, 392–93, 395, 400

source code, 322

Soviet Union, 247, 278

space program, 169

Spacewar, 200, 202, 204, 205–7, 209, 224, 320, 329, 388

speech-recognition technologies, 472

Spence, Frances Bilas, see Bilas, Frances

Spencer, Herbert, 2

Sperry Rand, 82, 83, 84n, 116

Sputnik, 169, 171, 228, 436

SRI, 255–56

Srinivasan, Srinija, 448

Stallman, Richard, 349, 370–73, 376, 379–80, 413, 438

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL), 269, 281, 285, 286

Stanford Industrial Park, 199

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 415

Stanford Research Institute, 221, 252, 275

Stanford Research Park, 156

steam engine, 33

stepped reckoner, 20

Stevenson, Adlai, 116

Stibitz, George, 49, 50, 52, 58, 64, 75, 80, 104, 119, 133

store-and-forward switching, 238

Strachey, Oliver, 77

Strategic Air Command, 181, 251

subroutines, 28, 93

in ENIAC, 75

of video games, 205–6

Suess, Randy, 385

“Summit Ridge Drive,” 150

Sun Microsystem, 450, 463

surface states, 141

Sutherland, Ivan, 208, 231–32, 243, 252, 283

Swarthmore University, 67–68

Swimming Across (Grove), 190

Switchboards, 301

“Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, A,” 49

symbolic logic, 17, 26, 49, 54, 58, 123, 344

Symbolics, 371

Syzygy, 210

Tanenbaum, Andrew, 374

Taylor, Bob, 216, 221, 224, 225, 229–33, 252, 276, 294, 385, 482

ARPA funding raised by, 235–37

Internet designed as decentralized by, 250

Kleinrocker criticized by, 245

on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247

On Distributed Communications read by, 241

online communities and, 261

PARC leadership style of, 287

personality of, 230, 234

recruited to PARC, 286–87

Robert’s hiring suggested by, 234

TCP/IP protocols, 259, 383

Teal, Gordon, 150

teamwork, innovation and, 1, 84, 85, 91–92, 108, 110, 246, 260, 479–86

Tech Model Railroad Club, 202, 203, 204, 207, 224, 288, 370–71, 483

technotribalism, 267–68

Teitelbaum, Ruth Lichterman, see Lichterman, Ruth

Tektronix, 433

Teledyne, 184–85, 187

telephones, 240, 241

television, 218

Teller, Edward, 102, 112, 113

Tennis for Two, 215

Terman, Fred, 136n, 156, 187, 199, 450

Terman, Lewis, 136–37

Terrell, Paul, 352

Tesla, Nikola, 448–49, 461

Texas Instruments, 149–50, 168, 171, 173–74, 177–78, 179, 482

military microchips by, 181

textiles, 33

Thacker, Chuck, 287, 291, 363

“That’s All Right,” 152

Third Wave, The (Toffler), 394

Thompson, Clive, 427

Time, 3, 218, 219, 248, 268, 390, 420

Time Inc., 420, 421–22

Times (London), 124

time-sharing, 224–26, 229, 242, 249, 384, 390

Time Warner, 3

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 265, 378

Toffler, Alvin, 394

Tolkien, J. R. R., 257

Tomlinson, Ray, 384

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